A disc recurrence is defined as a re-herniation of disc material at the previously operated level with the recurrence of similar pain after a period of relief of minimum 6 months and MRI confirmation, which may occur on the same or contralateral side (Fig. 1) [6- 9]. In up to 5–15% patients, disc herniation can recur [10]. However, if stricter definition of recurrence is used, with cases restricted to recurrence at the same level and side as previous operation, the recurrence rate was found to be 2–5%. [9,10] Risk factors for recurrence of a lumbar disc prolapse include disc degeneration, modic changes in the endplate, trauma to back, advanced age, and smoking [11] Radiological features such as increased disc height, lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, and segmental instability may also predict recurrence [4, 12].

It has been suggested that contralateral nucleus pulposus herniation may occur if the annulus on the opposite side is damaged during primary discectomy and only limited fragments are removed. In the case of a recurrent disc herniation on the opposite side, removal of the opposite annulus and disc material may damage the posterior longitudinal ligament and affect lumbar biomechanics and spinal stability. The average time between primary surgery and recurrent disc herniation symptoms was reported to be 17 ± 21 months by Eun et al. [4]. Surgical management of recurrence is debatable due to a need for high-level evidence [8]. Repeat discectomy remains the main procedure for it, with only minimal improvement often reported in the patient’s clinical condition as compared to theprimary surgery [13]. There also remains risk of further instability. Therefore, many authors advocate the use of instrumented spinal fusion with repeat discectomy, despite the absence of instability at the time of recurrence [14].

A residual disc is defined as the disc material that remains at the symptomatic operated level after the extruded fragment has been removed and enough decompression has been achieved (Fig. 2). The residual disc material may cause painful radicular symptoms to persist post-operatively, with patients complaining of inadequate relief. Such patients require reoperation. Discectomy usually involves removal of only the herniated disc material and decompression of the nerve roots, leaving the remaining disc in situ. However, this may cause more disc material to come out and recompress or inflame the nerve roots [15]. To deal with this, Aoyama et al. used intraoperative ultrasound to differentiate between nerve roots and disc material in 30 patients. By this method, they were able to confirm the adequacy of decompression in all 30 patients and also identified residual disc material in 2 patients which they were able to remove satisfactorily [15]. However, it was found to be more useful for patients with a large surgical field undergoing procedures such as removal of spinal tumors or arachnoid cysts to check the remaining fragments [16].

In 2.8–15% of patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD), residual disc fragments were observed on immediate post-operative MRI [5]. Although the presence of a residual disc fragment with persistent compression is a reason for reoperation, not all residual disc fragments observed on immediate post-operative MRI are symptomatic (i.e., they are clinically silent). Only 1.3% of patients with residual disc tissue had to go for repeat discectomy [17]. In a retrospective study by Baek et al., the long-term clinical outcomes of PELD patients in whom complete disc fragment removal was achieved (complete group) were compared with those in whom residual fragments were detected on post-operative MRI (residual group). Early reoperation (within the first 3 post-operative months) was performed in 3 patients in the residual group (7.9%) and 4 patients in the complete group (2.1%). They concluded that in patients with asymptomatic disc remnants, “watchful waiting” can be performed instead of immediate re-exploration [17]. Careful examination of post-operative MRI findings (within 24 h of surgery) revealed that some of the disc-like material was actually edematous tissue due to the fluid used during surgery. Therefore, analysis of T1-weighted MRI images is preferable, before taking up the patient for an unnecessary repeat surgery [18].

Retained disc is the one at same level where only nerve root decompression or deroofing was considered assuming that it should give symptomatic relief. Also retained disc can be dealing with two level discs where only one level disc is removed or decompressed and the other disc is kept as it assuming it will not create symptoms. (Fig. 3) In both the above mentioned scenarios, the discs which were untreated/ retained creates symptoms after a while because of worsening of disc or extrusion. Though this was thought to be uncommon, this entity is seen at many instances which is the Retained disc variation. Therefore, supervised neglect of the retained disc carries its risks. Careful clinical examination is important to differentiate retained disc from recurrence.

Clinical examination of the patient plays a crucial role in identifying the level of radiculopathy. Dermatomal pain in the same region after discectomy often indicates recurrence, whereas pain in an adjacent or new dermatomal distribution could be due to the retained disc. MRI findings help to confirm the pathological level and differentiate between a recurrent and retained disc. Understanding the different types of disc reherniations is important in deciding treatment options such as physiotherapy, nerve root block, and surgical modalities.