Among all fractures in pediatric population, both bone forearm fracture accounts for 30–40% ^[1]. Nerve injuries are a known complication in these fractures, median nerve being the commonest while ulnar nerve injury is rare [2, 3]. The incidence of neurologic injury with both bone forearm fracture was found to be 15.6%, from which distal physeal fractures accounted for 37% ^[4]. We have found around 15 published case reports shown in (Table 1). In the literature, exact incidence of these nerve injuries has not been mentioned. Mechanism of injury include direct contusion from the displaced fragment, traction injury while attempting closed reduction, entrapment of nerve at the fracture site, acute compartment syndrome, delayed nerve palsy due to nerve getting adhered to scar tissue. The most common pathophysiology is neuropraxia while laceration and transection occur rarely ^[1]. Mostly recovery is spontaneous but sometimes surgical exploration of the nerve during fracture fixation may be required in cases of worsening neuropraxia or suspected nerve entrapment and laceration at the fracture site ^[5]. Before any manipulative reduction of forearm fractures in children, a proper neurologic examination should be done to identify the type of nerve damage and plan its management [6, 7]. Here, we are reporting a case of a 14-year-old boy with closed both bone forearm shaft displaced fracture with ulnar nerve palsy due to laceration following entrapment between fracture fragments.

A 14-year-old boy presented in emergency department elsewhere with left forearm closed injury due to fall while playing where he was diagnosed with both bone forearm shaft fracture shown in Fig. 1a with ulnar nerve palsy and was given an above elbow slab. After 3 days, the patient presented to our outpatient department (OPD) with completely absent sensation over the little finger, ulnar aspect of the ring finger, and ulnar clawing shown in Fig. 2a. No signs of compartment syndrome in the form of tense swelling or stretch pain was seen. There was a suspected ulnar nerve injury for which the patient was admitted and posted for fracture fixation and exploration of the nerve under anesthesia. Exposure was done using volar approach which showed longitudinal laceration (1–1.5 cm) with partial transection of ulnar nerve trapped in proximal ulnar fracture fragment at same level of fracture shown in Fig. 3a. Open reduction and internal fixation with ulnar plating and radius titanium elastic nailing was done by orthopedic surgeon shown in Fig. 1b while ulnar nerve neurolysis and epineural repair using 8-0 ethilon as shown in Fig. 3b was subsequently done by plastic surgeon. Wound was closed in layers over the drain and volar slab was applied. The patient was discharged after 48hrs and called for regular follow-up in OPD to assess fracture union and neurological recovery. The patient was kept in volar slab for 6 weeks and thereafter ulnar claw splint for 6 weeks. Physiotherapy was started after 6 weeks post-operatively. There was no neurological recovery immediate post-operatively. There was gradual neurological recovery over the period of time demonstrated by progressive Tinel’s sign. Complete motor and sensory recovery took place in 4 months as shown in Fig. 2b.

Most of the pediatric closed both bone forearm fractures are conservatively managed with closed reduction and casting. Surgical intervention is done in open fractures, failed or unstable reductions, segmental fractures, neurovascular injuries, and skeletally mature individuals ^[8]. Ulnar nerve injury in closed both bone forearm fractures is a rare entity ^[9]. Till date around 15 cases have been documented in the literature as shown in (Table 1).
Anatomically the ulnar nerve runs parallel to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle deep to flexor carpi ulnaris muscle on the forearm protected by the surrounding muscle and is therefore rarely contused directly by an external force. However, the nerve being close to the ulna at middle and distal thirds; any significant angulation and displacement with a bone spike can directly injure the nerve ^[10]. Certain specific fracture patterns such as apex volar angulation, a proximal ulnar oblique fragment at the middle to the distal third of the forearm (as seen in this case), or those with significant displacement has been associated with ulnar nerve injury ^[5]. Mechanisms such as direct contusion from the displaced fracture or persistent direct pressure from an unreduced fracture are responsible for nerve injury at the time of fracture ^[11]. In our reported case, ulnar nerve palsy occurred due to entrapment within fracture fragments as shown in (Fig. 3a).
Complete neurological assessment on the first presentation is very important to diagnose the type of nerve injury and to decide about the plan of care. Treatment can vary from conservative observation of the neuropraxia to nerve exploration and repair for nerve transection or laceration. Stavrakakis et al. ^[12] recommended nerve exploration for post manipulation nerve palsy, worsening nerve injuries, and those not showing any improvement after 20 weeks of injury. Anatomical fracture fixation is essential for favorable functional outcome after the injury ^[8]. Similar to our study, Hirasawa et al. ^[13] showed in their study that complete neurological recovery was achieved at 4 months’ post-surgery. Dalhin et al. ^[6] concluded that a meticulous neurological examination should be made in all forearm fractures in adults and in children pre-operatively and post-operatively. M Zain-ur-Rehman et al. ^[7] said that it is important to evaluate the patient neurologically before any procedure or manipulation and manage same according to the type of lesion. The injured nerve should be explored at the time of open repositioning and plating of the fracture.
We feel that there is a tendency to look only at the x-rays of the fractured limb and miss complete neurological examination at the time of initial presentation. Also in pediatric population, patients may not be able to tell about sensory loss and motor deficit. Missing neurological injury at initial assessment likely has chances of long-term sequelae ^[4].

Ulnar nerve injury associated with close both bone forearm fracture is uncommon. When the nerve is injured, it is usually a contusion injury for which the treatment is conservative. Immediate nerve exploration and fracture fixation should be performed upon suspicion of nerve laceration or entrapment with displaced fracture fragments on radiographs. This prevents delay and also avoids nerve sequelae to occur. Hence, it is important to have a high index of suspicion to recognize and diagnose the type of nerve lesion early with thorough neurological assessment to decide upon the plan of management and get optimum results.

Early complete neurological examination in a patient with both bone forearm fracture is very important to prevent missing the rare ulnar nerve injury.